1887
Volume 2022 Number 2
  • EISSN: 2223-506X

Abstract

Over the years, numerous agencies were created to build and protect integrity in sports by reviewing the suitability of the existing laws in promoting community confidence in athletics. Doping is defined as the illegal consumption of certain substances in order to enhance athlete's performance and it has recently become a matter of concern. Anti-doping agencies were established to create regulations so players can participate in a doping-free sporting environment. Anti-Doping rules emphasize on the rationale to preserve what is intrinsically valuable about sport. This intrinsic value is often referred to as “the spirit of sport” and is concerned with ethics, fair play and honesty, health, excellence in performance, character and education, respect of rules and laws among other aspects. Hence, the key objective of this critical review is to reiterate on the importance of the criminalization of doping. It highlights the important gaps where immediate interference should take place with focus on the role of medical practitioners, pharmacies and sport science. Such a move is essential, as it will increase the avenue for handling doping cases using additional resources such as the legal framework of a country. Previously published articles were reviewed and the main findings indicate that several factors contribute to the increase in number of doping incidents such as the availability of steroids, facilitated drug trafficking, the involvement of multinational pharmaceutical organizations and other political interests. Moreover, in order to fight this phenomenon, local and international laws should penalize athletes who are engaged in doping at various levels. This criminal offense charges should implement prison sentence as well as imposing significant fine amounts to be paid. The ultimate legal action for offenders should be long-term suspension from participating in sporting events.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.5339/connect.2022.spt.1
2022-04-30
2024-11-10
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/connect/2022/2/connect.2022.spt.1.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.5339/connect.2022.spt.1&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Mazzeo F, Altavilla G, D'elia F, Raiola G. Development of doping in sports: Overview and analysis. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2018;:18:3–1677.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Maric D, Versic S, Sekulic D, Kutlesa Z, Bianco A, Rodek J, et al. Identification of factors associated with potential doping behavior in sports: A cross-sectional analysis in high-level competitive swimmers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Healthealth. 2018;:15:3.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Boye E, Scotland T, Østerud B, Nissen-Meyer J. Doping and drug testing: Anti-doping work must be transparent and adhere to good scientific practices to ensure public trust. EMBO Reports. 2017;:18:3–354.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Ulrich R, Pope H, Cléret L, Petróczi A, Nepusz T, Schaffer J, et al. Doping in two elite athletics competitions assessed by randomized-response surveys. Sports Medicine. 2018;:48:3–219.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Reardon CL, Creado S. Drug abuse in athletes. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 2014;:5:3–105.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Baron DA, Martin DM, Magd SA. Doping in sports and its spread to at-risk populations: An international review. World Psychiatry. 2007;:6:3.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bird SR, Goebel C, Burke LM, Greaves RF. Doping in sport and exercise: Anabolic, ergogenic, health and clinical issues. Annals of Clinical Biochemistryiochemistry. 2016;:53:3–221.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Calfee R, Fadale P. Popular ergogenic drugs and supplements in young. Pediatrics. 2006; 117:(3):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1429.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Al Ghobain M. The use of performance-enhancing substances (doping) by athletes in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family & Community Medicine. 2017;:24:3.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Ljungqvist A. Brief history of anti-doping. Acute Topics in Anti-Doping. 2017;:62:3–10.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Andren-Sandberg A. The history of doping and antidoping: A systematic collection of published scientific literature. Karolinska Institute. 2016;:(January):1–136.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Pieth M. Governing FIFA. Concept paper and report. Basel: Universität Basel. 2011.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Newswire PR. World Anti-Doping Agency and Astellas Announce Global Initiative to Prevent Misuse and Abuse of Medicines for Doping in Sports, PR Newswire US, 14 October 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. WADA. The World Anti-Doping Code International Standard [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2019-03/world-anti-doping-code-and-international-standards-review-the-main-focus-at-2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Longman J. Slaney and 2 others suspended [Internet]. The New York Times. 1997. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/01/sports/slaney-and-2-others-suspended.html.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Hart S. Brazilian Swimmer Cesar Cielo Cleared to Swim at the World Championships in Shanghai despite Positive Drug Test [Internet]. The Telegraph. 2019. Available from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/swimming/8651891/Brazilian-swimmer-Cesar-Cielo-cleared-to-swim-at-the-World-Championships-in-Shanghai-despite-positive-drug-test.html.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. McLaren R. CAS Doping Jurisprudence: what can we learn? Sweet And Maxwells International Sports Law Review. 2006; 6:(1):4. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/McLaren_learn.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Lee YH. Performance enhancing drugs: History, medical effects & policy. Harvard Library; 2006.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Berentsen A. The economics of doping. European Journal of Political Economy. 2002;:18:3–127.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. International Federation of Muaythai Associations (WADA). Qatar pledges US $1M in big boost to anti-doping research fund 24 November 2014. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2014-11/qatar-pledges-us-1m-in-big-boost-to-anti-doping-research-fund
    [Google Scholar]
  21. University of Bath. Problems at World Anti-Doping Agency will ’drive innocent athletes out of sport’17 February 2006. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/02/060217091705.htm
    [Google Scholar]
  22. WADA International Standards. Prohibited List [Internet]. 2018:1–10. Available from: https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/prohibited_list_2018_en.pdf.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Kohler M, Thomas A, Geyer H, Petrou M, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Confiscated black market products and nutritional supplements with non-approved ingredients analyzed in the Cologne Doping Control Laboratory 2009. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2010;:2:3–537.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Awaisu A, Mottram D, Rahhal A, Alemrayat B, Ali Ahmed AM, Stuart M, et al. Knowledge and perceptions of pharmacy students in Qatar on anti-doping in sports and on sports pharmacy in undergraduate curricula. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 2015;:79:3–7.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Houlihan B, García B. The use of legislation in relation to controlling the production, movement, importation, distribution and supply of performance-enhancing drugs in sport (PEDS). 2012.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Birzniece V. Doping in sport: Effects, harm and misconception. Internal Medicine Journal. 2015;:45: 239–48.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R, Sing A, Bhasin D, Berman N, et al. Testosterone dose–response relationships in healthy young men. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001;:281:E1172–E1181.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Montisci M, El Mazloum R, Cecchetto G, Terranova C, Ferrara SD, Thiene G, et al. Anabolic androgenic steriods abuse and cardiac death in athletes. Forensic Science International. 2012;:217:E13–E18. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.032.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Fineschi V, Riezzo I, Centini F, Silingardi E, Licata M, Beduschi G, et al. Sudden cardiac death during anabolic steroid abuse: Morphologic and toxicologic findings in two fatal cases of bodybuilders. International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2007;:121:3–53. doi: 10.1007/s00414-005-0055-9.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Kanayama G, Brower KJ, Wood RI, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Issues for DSM-V: Clarifying the diagnostic criteria for anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2009;:166:3–645. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08111699
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Liu H, Bravata DM, Olkin I, Friedlander A, Liu V, Roberts B, et al. Systematic review: The effects of growth hormone on athletic performance. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2008;:148:3–758. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-148-10-200805200-00215.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Mathews N. Prohibited contaminants in dietary supplements. Sports Health. 2018;:10:3–30.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Paoli L, Donati A. The supply of doping products and the potential of criminal law enforcement in anti-doping: An examination of Italy's experience. Executive summary. Retrieved from Montreal: www.wada-ama. org/en/resources/world-anti-doping-program/paoli-and-donati-report.2013.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.5339/connect.2022.spt.1
Loading
/content/journals/10.5339/connect.2022.spt.1
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Anti-dopinglawOlympicpenal codeQatarsport and WADA
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error