1887
Volume 2020, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 1999-7086
  • EISSN: 1999-7094

Abstract

Trauma is a major public health problem in Saudi Arabia and a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young age groups. In 2018, traumatic injuries caused by road traffic accidents were the leading cause of death after ischemic heart diseases. Therefore, a new road safety system is important to reduce the incidence of road accident trauma. First aid care by bystanders to road accidents must be improved to become an effective part of pre-hospital care and avoid aggravation. Moreover, trauma centers need further training and education to provide a high level of trauma care. However, literature about trauma care in Saudi Arabia is lacking. Thus, this paper aims to provide an overview of the Saudi trauma system, emergency medical services, and healthcare providers’ training and education efforts.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.5339/jemtac.2020.6
2020-05-18
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jemtac/2020/1/jemtac.2020.6.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.5339/jemtac.2020.6&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Alghnam S, Alkelya M, Al-Bedah K, Al-Enazi S. Burden of traumatic injuries in Saudi Arabia: lessons from a major trauma registry in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 2014; 34:4:291296.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D, Hyder AA, Jarawan E, et al. World report on road traffic injury prevention. World Health Organization Geneva; 2004.
  3. Organization WH. Global status report on road safety 2015: World Health Organization 2015.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Ansari S, Akhdar F, Mandoorah M, Moutaery K. Causes and effects of road traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia. Public health. 2000; 114:1:3739.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Al Turki YA. How can Saudi Arabia use the Decade of Action for Road Safety to catalyse road traffic injury prevention policy and interventions? Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2014; 21:4:397402.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Evans JA, van Wessem KJ, McDougall D, Lee KA, Lyons T, Balogh ZJ. Epidemiology of traumatic deaths: comprehensive population-based assessment. World journal of surgery. 2010; 34:1:158.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. DeNicola E, Aburizaize OS, Siddique A, Khwaja H, Carpenter DO. Road Traffic Injury as a Major Public Health Issue in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Review. Frontiers in Public Health. 2016;4(215).
  8. Hakim S, Shefer D, Hakkert A-S, Hocherman I. A critical review of macro models for road accidents. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 1991; 23:5:379400.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Mansuri FA, Al-Zalabani AH, Zalat MM, Qabshawi RI. Road safety and road traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia. A systematic review of existing evidence. Saudi Med J. 2015; 36:4:418424.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Dijkink S, Nederpelt CJ, Krijnen P, Velmahos GC, Schipper IB. Trauma systems around the world: a systematic overview. Journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 2017; 83:5:917925.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Kurdin A, Caines A, Boone D, Furey A. TEAM: A Low-Cost Alternative to ATLS for Providing Trauma Care Teaching in Haiti. J Surg Educ. 2018; 75:2:377382.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Trauma system agenda for the future 2019. Available from: https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/ems/emstraumasystem03/comprehensiveIII.htm .
  13. Borgohain B, Khonglah T. Developing and organizing a trauma system and mass casualty management: some useful observations from the israeli trauma model. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2013; 3:1:8589.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. World Health Organization. Who global alliance for care of the injured (gaci) 2019. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencycare/gaci/en/ .
  15. Mullins RJ, Mann NC. Population-Based Research Assessing the Effectiveness of Trauma Systems. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care; 1999.
  16. Celso B, Tepas J, Langland-Orban B, Pracht E, Papa L, Lottenberg L, et al.  A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing outcome of severely injured patients treated in trauma centers following the establishment of trauma systems. J Trauma. 2006; 60(2):371-8:discussion 8.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Starr P. The social transformation of American medicine: The rise of a sovereign profession and the making of a vast industry: Basic books; 2008.
  18. MacKenzie EJ, Hoyt DB, Sacra JC, Jurkovich GJ, Carlini AR, Teitelbaum SD, et al.  National Inventory of Hospital Trauma Centers. JAMA. 2003; 289:12:15151522.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Branas CC, MacKenzie EJ, Williams JC, Schwab CW, Teter HM, Flanigan MC, et al.  Access to Trauma Centers in the United States. JAMA. 2005; 293:21:26262633.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Shafi S, Nathens AB, Elliott AC, Gentilello L. Effect of trauma systems on motor vehicle occupant mortality: A comparison between states with and without a formal system. J Trauma. 2006; 61(6):1374-8:89.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. MacKenzie EJ, Rivara FP, Jurkovich GJ, Nathens AB, Frey KP, Egleston BL, et al.  A national evaluation of the effect of trauma-center care on mortality. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006; 354:4:366378.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Celso B, Tepas J, Langland-Orban B, Pracht E, Papa L, Lottenberg L, et al.  A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing outcome of severely injured patients treated in trauma centers following the establishment of trauma systems. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2006; 60:2:371378.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Durham R, Pracht E, Orban B, Lottenburg L, Tepas J, Flint L. Evaluation of a mature trauma system. Annals of surgery. 2006; 243:6:775.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Anderson I, Woodford M, De Dombal F, Irving M. Retrospective study of 1000 deaths from injury in England and Wales. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988;296(6632):1305–8.
  25. Lecky F, Woodford M, Bouamra O, Yates D. Lack of change in trauma care in England and Wales since 1994. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2002; 19:6:520523.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Browne J, Coats T, Lloyd D, Oakley P, Pigott T, Willett K, et al.  High quality acute care for the severely injured is not consistently available in England. Wales and Northern Ireland: report of a survey by the Trauma Committee, The Royal College of Surgeons of England. The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2006; 88:2:103107.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Vondy A, Willett K. Trauma care in England: London's trauma system goes live. Emergency medicine journal: EMJ. 2011; 28:3:250.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Lendrum R, Lockey D. Trauma system development. Anaesthesia. 2013; 68::3039.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Moran CG, Lecky F, Bouamra O, Lawrence T, Edwards A, Woodford M, et al.  Changing the system-major trauma patients and their outcomes in the NHS (England) 2008–17. EClinicalMedicine. 2018; 2::1321.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Harris T, Davenport R, Hurst T, Jones J. Improving outcome in severe trauma: trauma systems and initial management; 2012.
  31. Haddon Jr W . Advances in the epidemiology of injuries as a basis for public policy. Public health reports. 1980; 95:5:411.
    [Google Scholar]
  32.   Gruenewald PJ, Nephew T. Drinking in California: Theoretical and empirical analyses of alcohol consumption patterns. Addiction. 1994; 89:6:707723.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Treno AJ, Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR. The contribution of drinking patterns to the relative risk of injury in six communities: a self-report based probability approach. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 1997; 58:4:372381.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Freedland ES, McMicken DB, D'Onofrio G. Alcohol and trauma. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1993; 11:1:225239.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Rehm J, Gmel G, Sempos CT, Trevisan M. Alcohol-related morbidity and mortality. Alcohol Res Health. 2003; 27:1:3951.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Pawłowski W, Goniewicz K, Naylor K, Goniewicz M, Lasota D. Risk indicators for road accident in Poland for the period 2004–2017. Central European journal of public health. 2018; 26:3:195.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Alghnam S, Alkelya M, Alfraidy M, Al-Bedah K, Albabtain IT, Alshenqeety O. Outcomes of road traffic injuries before and after the implementation of a camera ticketing system: a retrospective study from a large trauma center in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 2017; 37:1:19.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Cameron PA, Gabbe BJ, Cooper DJ, Walker T, Judson R, McNeil J. A statewide system of trauma care in Victoria: effect on patient survival. Medical Journal of Australia. 2008; 189:10:546550.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Mock CN, Jurkovich GJ, Arreola-Risa C, Maier RV. Trauma mortality patterns in three nations at different economic levels: implications for global trauma system development. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 1998; 44:5:804814.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Trauma ACoSCo. Resources for optimal care of the injured patient: Amer College of Surgeons; 1990.
  41. Smith RM, Conn AK. Prehospital care - Scoop and run or stay and play? Injury. 2009; 40:4:S23S26.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Carney CJ. Prehospital care–a UK perspective. Br Med Bull. 1999; 55:4:757766.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. McNicholl B. The golden hour and prehospital trauma care. Injury. 1994; 25:4:251254.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Honigman B, Rehweder K, Moore EE, Lowenstein SR, Pons PT. Prehospital advanced trauma life support for penetrating cardiac wounds. Annals of emergency medicine. 1990; 19:2:145150.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. AlShammari T, Jennings P, Williams B. Evolution of emergency medical services in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Emergency Medicine, Trauma and Acute Care. 2017; 2017:1:4.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Nolan JP, Soar J, Zideman DA, Biarent D, Bossaert LL, Deakin C, et al. European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2010 section 1. Executive summary. Resuscitation. 2010;81(10):1219–76.
  47. Tannvik T, Bakke H, Wisborg T. A systematic literature review on first aid provided by laypeople to trauma victims. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2012; 56:10:12221227.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Murad MK, Husum H. Trained lay first responders reduce trauma mortality: a controlled study of rural trauma in Iraq. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2010; 25:6:533539.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Ashour A, Cameron P, Bernard S, Fitzgerald M, Smith K, Walker T. Could bystander first-aid prevent trauma deaths at the scene of injury? Emergency Medicine Australasia. 2007; 19:2:163168.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Henriksson E, Öström M, Eriksson A. Preventability of vehicle-related fatalities. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2001; 33:4:467475.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Alanazi AF. Emergency medical services in Saudi Arabia: A study on the significance of paramedics and their experiences on barriers as inhibitors of their efficiency. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research. 2012; 2:1:34.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. AlShammari T, Jennings PA, Williams B. Emergency medical services core competencies: a scoping review. Health Professions Education. 2018; 4:4:245258.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Organization WH. World Health Organization global burden of disease. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2007.
  54. Robinson LR. Trauma rehabilitation: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
  55. Huyse Frits J, Stiefel F. Integrated care for the complex medically ill: Saunders; 2006.
  56. Gabbe BJ, Biostat GD, Simpson PM, Sutherland AM, Dip G, Wolfe R, et al. Improved functional outcomes for major trauma patients in a regionalized, inclusive trauma system. Annals of surgery. 2012;255(6):1009–15.
  57. Gabbe BJ, Sutherland AM, Hart MJ, Cameron PA. Population-based capture of long-term functional and quality of life outcomes after major trauma: the experiences of the Victorian State Trauma Registry. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2010;69(3):532–6.
  58. Moore L, Clark DE. The value of trauma registries. Injury. 2008;39(6):686–95.
  59. O'Reilly GM, Cameron PA, Joshipura M. Global trauma registry mapping: a scoping review. Injury. 2012;43(7):1148–53.
  60. Aljerian N, Alhaidar S, Alothman A, AlJohi W, Albaqami FA, Alghnam SA. Association between the mode of transport and in-hospital medical complications in trauma patients: findings from a level-I trauma center in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 2018;38(1):8–14.
  61. Alhusain FAM, Alhassan NFA, Aljohi WAA, Alrumaih FI, Al Jerian NA, Alharthy NA. Paediatric emergency department during the holidays: Findings from a 10-year analysis of visit rates and trauma patterns. Journal of Health Specialties. 2017;5(3):142.
  62. Alselaim N, Malaekah H, Saade M, Hussein M, AlTokhais T, Albedah K, et al. Does obesity impact the pattern and outcome of trauma in children? Journal of pediatric surgery. 2012;47(7):1404–9.
  63. Alghnam S, Palta M, Hamedani A, Alkelya M, Remington PL, Durkin MS. Predicting in-hospital death among patients injured in traffic crashes in Saudi Arabia. Injury. 2014;45(11):1693–9.
  64. Alghnam S, Towhari JA, Al Babtain I, Al Nahdi M, Aldebasi MH, Alyami M, et al. The associations between injury mechanism and extended hospital stay among pediatric patients: findings from a trauma Center in Saudi Arabia. BMC pediatrics. 019;19(1):177
  65. Carley S, Driscoll P. Trauma education. Resuscitation. 2001;48(1):47–56.
  66. Driscoll P, Wardrope J. ATLS: past, present, and future. British Association for Accident and Emergency Medicine. 2005.
  67. Surgeons ACo. ATLS International Promulgation; 2019;. Available from: https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/trauma/atls/promulgation .
  68. Gwinnutt C, Driscoll P. Advanced trauma life support. European journal of anaesthesiology. 1996; 13:2:95101.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Ali J, Adam RU, Gana TJ, Bedaysie H, Williams JI. Effect of the prehospital trauma life support program (PHTLS) on prehospital trauma care. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 1997; 42:5:786790.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Ali J, Cohen RJ, Gana TJ, Al-Bedah KF. Effect of the Advanced Trauma Life Support program on medical students’ performance in simulated trauma patient management. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 1998; 44:4:588591.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Holcomb JB, Dumire RD, Crommett JW, Stamateris CE, Fagert MA, Cleveland JA, et al.  Evaluation of trauma team performance using an advanced human patient simulator for resuscitation training. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2002; 52:6:10781086.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Forsetlund L, Bjørndal A, Rashidian A, Jamtvedt G, O'Brien MA, Wolf FM, et al. Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009(2).
  73. Mohammad A, Branicki F, Abu-Zidan FM. Educational and clinical impact of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) courses: a systematic review. World journal of surgery. 2014; 38:2:322329.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Drimousis PG, Theodorou D, Toutouzas K, Stergiopoulos S, Delicha EM, Giannopoulos P, et al.  Advanced Trauma Life Support certified physicians in a non trauma system setting: is it enough? Resuscitation. 2011; 82:2:180184.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Lopez DG, Hamdorf JM, Ward AM, Emery J. EARLY TRAUMA MANAGEMENT SKILLS IN AUSTRALIAN GENERAL PRACTITIONERS. ANZ Journal of Surgery. 2006; 76:10:894897.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Sookram S, Tse A. Paramedical and Nonmedical Personnel. Trauma Team Dynamics. Springer. 2016.p. 3538.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Smith RM, Conn AK. Prehospital care- Scoop and run or stay and play? Injury. 2009; 40::S23S26.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Conn AK. BCLS Versus ACLS. Penetrating Trauma: Springer. 2012.p. 2933.
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.5339/jemtac.2020.6
Loading
/content/journals/10.5339/jemtac.2020.6
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Traumatrauma mortality and trauma system
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error