1887
Volume 2025, Issue 2
  • EISSN: 2220-2749

Abstract

The concept of food addiction (FA) represents a significant shift in our understanding of the etiology of obesity and has the potential to optimize and streamline its management. The multifactorial etiology of FA requires a deeper investigation into various psychological correlates beyond genetic predispositions and the obesogenic environment.

The study aimed to identify psychological predictors of FA and investigate the relationships between FA and psychopathological symptoms in the context of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).

A correlational, quantitative, non-experimental design was employed. A self-report assessment battery included the Yale Food Addiction Scale, the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, and the Symptom Checklist-90. The research sample consisted of 188 participants.

We identified psychoticism, depression, and ACEs as significant predictors of FA. Psychoticism and depression explained 24% of the variance of FA, while ACEs explained 10% of this variance. ACEs significantly mediated the relationship between psychopathological symptom prevalence and FA.

By investigating the psychological correlates of FA, this study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of how different risk factors may contribute to specific eating behaviors. These insights can inform the development of more effective personalized therapeutic interventions.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.5339/avi.2025.14
2025-09-18
2025-12-07

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/avi/2025/2/avi.2025.14.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.5339/avi.2025.14&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Hruby A, Hu FB. The epidemiology of obesity: a big picture. Pharmacoeconomics. 2015 Jul; 33:(7)673–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014 Aug; 384:(9945)766–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8
    [Google Scholar]
  3. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight; 2020. https://doi.org/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight Accessed 17 June 2025].
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Sacks FM, Ray AN, Smith SR. Lifestyle Interventions for overweight and obesity: a review of the evidence. JAMA. 2019; 322:(16):1599–609. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.14175
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Wing RR, Phelan S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jul; 82:(1 Suppl):222S–5S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.1.222S
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 1998 May; 14:(4):245–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Maldonado R, Calvé P, Domingo-Rodriguez L, Senabre E, Martín-García E. Vulnerability to addiction. Neuropharmacology. 2021 Mar; 186:108466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108466
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Food addiction: an examination of the diagnostic criteria for dependence. Addict Med. 2009 Mar; 3:(1)1–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/adm.0b013e318193c993
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Gearhardt AN. Food addiction and Yale food addiction scale. Appetite. 2009Apr; 52:(2)430–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.12.003
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Adams RC, Sedgmond J, Maizey L, Chambers CD, Lawrence NS. Food addiction: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of overeating. Nutrition. 2019 Sep; 11:(9)2086. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092086
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Gearhardt AN, White MA, Masheb RM, Morgan PT, Crosby RD, Grilo CM. An examination of the food addiction construct in obese patients with binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2012 Jul;45:(5)657–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20957
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Development of the Yale food addiction scale version 2.0. Psychol Addict Behav. 2016 Feb;30:(1)113–21. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000136
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Nolan LJ, Jenkins SM. Food addiction is associated with irrational beliefs via trait anxiety and emotional eating. Nutrients. 2019 11:(8)1711 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081711
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Oliveria J, Colombarolli MS, Cordás TA. Food cravings and correlates of food addiction: systematic review of studies with the YFAS 2.0. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2021 May; 15:(3)191–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2021.03.014
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Gupta A, Osadchiy V, Mayer EA. Brain–gut–microbiome interactions in obesity and food addiction. Front Endocrinol. 2021 12: 629618. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.629618
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Ousey L, Boltor JC. Gut microbiota suppress feeding induced by palatable foods. Cell Host Microbe. 2022 30:(1)1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2021.12.001
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Soldán M, Argañalová L, Hadvonivá L, Galileo B, Babjaková J. The effect of dietary types on gut microbiota composition and development of non-communicable diseases: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2024Sep; 16:(18)3134. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183134
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Aziz T, Han AA, Tzona A, Vaidourou C, Skoufos I. Dietary implications of the bidirectional relationship between the gut microflora and inflammatory diseases with special emphasis on irritable bowel disease: current and future perspective. Nutrients. 2023 Jun; 15:(13)2956 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132956
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Aziz T, Hussain N, Hameed Z, Li L. Elucidating the role of diet in maintaining gut health to reduce the risk of obesity, cardiovascular and other age-related inflammatory diseases: recent challenges and future recommendations. Gut Microbes. 2024 Jan-Dec; 16:(1)2297864. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2023.2297864
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Leung JTC, Lee YMT, Wong SH, Chan PKS. The role of gut microbiota on obesity and its complications. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 5:(2)173–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30384-5
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Samulenaite S, García-Blanco A, Mayneris-Perxachs J, Deryabina MA, Rossell C, Boloc D, et al.Gut microbiota signatures of vulnerability to food addiction in mice and humans. Gut. 2024 Oct73:(11)1799–815. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331445
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Burrows T, Kay-Lambkin F, Pursey K, Skinner J, Dayas C. Food addiction and associations with mental health symptoms: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2018 Aug31:(4)544–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12532
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Chao AM, Shaw JA, Pearl RL, Alamuddin N, Hopkins CM, Bakizada ZM, et al. Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of food addiction in persons with obesity seeking weight reduction. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Feb; 73:97–104
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Pedram P, Wadden D, Amini P, Gulliver W, Randell E, Cahill F. et al. Food addiction: its prevalence and significant association with obesity in the general population. PLoS One. 2013 8:(9)e74832 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074832
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Hone-Blanchet A, Fecteau S. Overlap of food addiction and substance use disorders definitions: analysis of animal and human studies. Neuropharmacology. 2014 Oct;85:81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.05.019
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ. The addicted human brain: insights from imaging studies. J Clin Investig. 2003 May; 111:(10)1444–51. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI18533
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Telang F. Overlapping neuronal circuits in addiction and obesity: evidence of systems pathology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2008 Oct; 363:(1507)3191–200. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0107
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, Fowler JS, Thanos PK, Logan J et al. Reward processing in obese subjects: possible contributing factors. NeuroImage. 2008 Oct42:(4)1537–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.06.002
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Gupta A, Osadchiy V, Mayer EA. Brain–gut–microbiome interactions in obesity and food addiction. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Nov; 17:(11)655–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-020-0341-5
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Djouosse L, Padilla H, Nelson TL, Gaziano JM, Mukamal KJ. Diet and metabolic syndrome. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2010 Jun; 10:(2)124–37. https://doi.org/10.2174/187153710791213056
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Sandhu VK, Sherwin E, Schellekens H, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Feeding the microbiota-gut-brain axis: diet, microbiome, and neuropsychiatry. Transl Res. 2017 Jan; 179:223–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2016.10.002
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Kim HJ, Kim JH, Noh S, Kwon HJ. The association between diet and gut microbiota and its impact on disease progression in patients with psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019; 33::1855–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15391
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Granero R, Hilker A, Aguera Z, Jiménez-Murcia S, Sauchelli S, Islam MA, et al. Food addiction in a Spanish sample of eating disorders: DSM-5 diagnostic subtype differentiation and validation data. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2014 Nov; 22:(6)389–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2311
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Schulte EM, Gearhardt AN. Development of the modified Yale food addiction scale food addiction scale version 2.0. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2017 Jul; 25:(4)302–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2515
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Stojek MM, Lipka J, Maples-Keller JM, Rauch SA, Black K, Michopoulos V, et al, Investigating sex differences in rates and correlates of food addiction status in women and men with PTSD. Nutrients. 2021 May; 13: (6)1840. https://doi.org/10.1093/neurol/niaa731
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Meule A, Hermann T, Kubler A. Food addiction in overweight and obese adolescents seeking weight-loss treatment. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015 May 23:(3)193–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2355
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Derogatis LR; Lipman RS; Covi L. SCL-90: an outpatient psychiatric rating scale – preliminary report. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1973Jan; 9:13–28
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Orel M. Psychopatologie: Nauka o nemocech duše. Prague: Grada Publishing; 2016. Psychiatria (Praha). 2016
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Hasto J. Psychosomatický pacient – ako mu porozumiet. Via Pract. 2006 3:(1)28–32
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Derogatis LR; Lipman RS; Rickels K; Uhlenhuth EH; Covi L. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): a self-report symptom inventory. Behav Sci. 1974Jan 19:(1)1–15
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Goodman E, Whitaker R. A prospective study of the role of depression in the development and persistence of adolescent obesity. Pediatrics. 2002Sep 110:(3)497–504. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.109.3.497
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Barlow DH. Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic. New York: Guilford Press; 2004
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Compara A, Germani E, Proietti R, Janeway D. Clinical psychology and cardiovascular disease: an up-to-date clinical practice review for assessment and treatment of anxiety and depression. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2011; 7:148–56. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017911017010148
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Baštecká B, Goldmann P. Základy klinicke Psychologie. Prague: Portál. 2001
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Yen JY, Yen CF, Wu HY, Huang CJ, Ko CH. Hostility in the real world and online: The effect of Internet addiction, depression, and online activity. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011Nov; 14:(11)649–55. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0393
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Haukkala A, Uutela A. Clinical hostility, depression, and obesity: the moderating role of education and gender. Int J Eat Disord. 2000Jan; 27:(1)10–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200001)27:1%3C10::AID-EAT3%3E3.0.CO;2-5
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Nešpor K, Schessanova A. Hostilita jako rizikový faktor rady onemocnení a možnost jejího ovlivnení. Ces a Slov Psychiatr. 2008 105: 38–40
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Dušek K, Vecerová-Procházková A. Diagnostika a terapie duševních poruch. Prague: Grada Publishing. 2010
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Smolík P. Duševní a behaviorální poruchy. Pruvodce klasifikací, nástin nozologie, diagnostika. Prague: Maxdorf. 1996
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Cruise KR, Jacobs JE, Lyons PM Jr. Definitions of physical abuse: a preliminary inquiry into children’s perceptions. Behav Sci Law. 1994Winter;12:(1)35–48 doi: 10.1002/bsl.2370120105
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Rícan P, KrejcirovaD. Detská klinická psychologie. Prague: Grada; 2006
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Lovašová PD, Fujeriková PK. Ked má dieta privela povinností. Pediatr Prax. 2006 7:(6)331
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Bernstein DP, Fink L. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A Retrospective Self-Report ManualSan Antonio, TXThe Psychological Corporation1998
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Jordanova T, Hamza Hazdi K et al. Association between physical abuse, physical neglect and health risk behaviours among young adolescents: results from the national study. Maced J Med Sci. 2014 Jun 7:(2)384–9. https://doi.org/10.3896/oamjms.2014.066
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Chapman DP, Williamson DF, Giles WH. Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from the adverse childhood experiences study. JAMA. 2001 Dec 286:(24)3089–96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.24.3089
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Chapman DP, Whitfield CL, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Edwards VJ, Anda RF. Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. J Affect Disord. 2004 Oct 82:(2)217–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.013
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Edwards VJ, Croft JB. Adverse childhood experiences and personal alcohol abuse as an adult. Addict Behav. 2002 Sep-Oct 27:(5)713–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00204-0
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Bowlby J. Violence in the family as a disorder of the attachment and caregiving systems. Am J Psychoanal. 1984 Spring 44:(1)9–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01255416
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Harlow HF, Harlow M. Social deprivation in monkeys. Sci Am. 1962 Nov. 207:136–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1162-136
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Katon WJ. Clinical and health services relationships between major depression, depressive symptoms, and general medical illness. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Aug 54:(3)216–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00273-7
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Benedetti F, Poletti S, Radaelli D, Pozzi E, Giacosa C, Ruffini C, et al. Caudate gray matter volume in obsessive-compulsive disorder is influenced by adverse childhood experiences and ongoing drug treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Aug 32:(4)544–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e31825ccce9
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Benedetti F, Bollettini I, Radaelli D, Poletti S, Locatelli C, Falini A, et al. Adverse childhood experiences influence white matter microstructure in patients with bipolar disorder. Psychol Med. 2014 Oct 44:(14)3069–82. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714000506
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Benedetti F, Poletti I, Radaelli D, Pozzi E, Giacosa C, Smeraldi E. Adverse childhood experiences and gender-influence treatment seeking behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2014 Feb 55:(2)298–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.08.028
    [Google Scholar]
  64. De Bellis MD, Zisk A. The biological effects of childhood trauma. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2014 Feb. 23:(2)185–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2014.01.002
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Karin O, Raz M, Tendler A, Bar A, Korem Kohanim Y, Milo T, et al. A new model for the HPA axis explains dysregulation of stress hormones on the timescale of weeks. Mol Syst Biol. 2020 Jul 16:(7)e9510 https://doi.org/10.15252/msb.20209510
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Zarse EM, Neff MR, Yoder R, Hulvershorn L, Chambers JE, Chambers RA. The adverse childhood experiences questionnaire: two decades of research on childhood trauma as a primary cause of adult mental illness, addiction, and medical diseases. Cogent Med. 2019 Mar 6:(1)1581447 https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2019.1581447
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Varese F, Smets F, Drukker M, Lievsere R, Lataester T, Viechtbauer W, et al. Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patient-control prospective-and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophr Bull. 2012 38:(4)661–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs050
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Michopoulos V, Powers A, Moore C, Villareal S, Ressler KJ, Bradley B. The mediating role of emotion dysregulation and depression on the relationship between childhood trauma exposure and emotional eating. Appetite. 2015 Aug 91:129–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.036
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Guillaume S, Jaussent I, Maïmoun L, Ryst A, Seneque M, Villain L, et al. Associations between adverse childhood experiences and clinical characteristics of eating disorders. Sci Rep. 2016 Nov 6:(1)35761 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39761
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Holgerson AA, Clark MM, Ames GE, Collazo-Clavell ML, Kellogg TA, Graszer KM, et al. Association of adverse childhood experiences and food addiction to bariatric surgery completion and weight loss outcome. Obes Surg. 2018 Nov 28:(11)3386–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11695-018-3370-1
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Caslini M, Bartoli F, Crocamo C, Dakanalis A, Clerici M, Carrà G. Disentangling the association between child abuse and eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2016Jan78:(1)79–90. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000233
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Williamson DF, Thompson TJ, Anda RF, Dietz WH, Felitti V. Body weight and obesity in adults and self-reported abuse in childhood. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002Aug 26:(8)1075–1082. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802038
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Bellis MA, Lowey H, Leckenby N, Hughes K, Harrison D Adverse childhood experiences: retrospective study to determine their impact on adult health behaviours and health outcomes in a UK population. J Public Health (Oxf). 2014Mar36:(1)81–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdt038
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Derogatis LR, Cleary PA. Confirmation of the dimensional structure of the SCL-90: a study in construct validation. J Clin Psychol. 1977 33:(4)981–989. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197710)33:4<981::AID-JCLP2270330412>3.0.CO;2-0
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Meadows A, Nolan LJ, Higgs S Self-perceived food addiction: prevalence, predictors, and prognosis. Appetite. 2017Jul114:282–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.051
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Aydin YE, Altindag A, Ozkan M Childhood traumatic events and dissociation in university students. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2009 13:(1)25–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651500802331540
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Hoover LV, Hayley PY, Duval ER, Gearhardt AN Childhood trauma and food addiction: the role of emotion regulation difficulties and gender differences. Appetite. 2022 Oct 177: 106137 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2022.106137
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Imperatori C, Innamorati M, Lamis DA, Farina B, Pompili M, Contardi A, et al. Childhood trauma in obese and overweight women with food addiction and clinical-level of binge eating. Child Abuse Negl. 2016Aug58:180–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.06.023
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Mason SM, Flint AJ, Field AE, Austin SB, Rich-Edwards JW Abuse victimization in childhood or adolescence and risk of food addiction in adult women. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013Dec21:(12)E775–E81. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20500
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Sinha R, Jastreboff AM. Stress as a common risk factor for obesity and addiction. Biol Psychiatry. 2013 May 73:(9)827–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.032
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Maxime L, Stéphane S, Bégin C Maladaptive eating behaviors and childhood trauma: a focus on food addiction. Cureus. 2022Jul14:(7e26966 https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.26966
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Alonso M, Olivas-Aguirre J, Méndez-Guerrero O, Solís-Sánchez G The microbiota-gut-brain axis: a new target for food addiction therapy?. Nutrients. 2022 14:(122465 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122465
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Felitti VJ Childhood sexual abuse, depression, and family dysfunction in adult obese patients: a case control study. South Med J. 1993Jul86:(7)732–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199307000-00002
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Heretik A, Heretik A. Klinická psychológiaNové ZámkyPsychoprof2016
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Jánošová J Psychický distres v interkultúrnych súvislostiach. Ces a Slov Psychiat. 2015 111:(3)148–54
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Nunes-Neto PR, Köhler CA, Schuch FB, et al. Psychometric properties of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 in a large Brazilian sample. Braz J Psychiatry. 2018 40:(4)444–448. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2432
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Piccinni A, Marazziti D, Cargioli C, Mauri M, Stallone T Food addiction: is it a nosological category or a psychopathological dimension? Preliminary results of an Italian study. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2018 36:(110.1515/hmbci-2018-0021 Published 2018 Jun 28 https://doi.org/10.1515/hmbci-2018-0021
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Kicali GD, Uygur OF, Kandeger A, Guler O The relationship between food addiction with psychiatric symptoms and personality traits in university students. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences. 2021 34:181–188. https://doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2021.00136
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Riccardi I, Bilotta E, Leone L, et al. Adverse experiences in childhood: association with metacognition, personality disorders and distress. Journal of Psychopathology. 2020 26:46–53. https://doi.org/10.36148/2284-0249-366
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Sachs-Ericsson NJ, Sheffler JL, Stanley IH, Piazza JR, Preacher KJ When Emotional Pain Becomes Physical: Adverse Childhood Experiences, Pain, and the Role of Mood and Anxiety Disorders. J Clin Psychol. 2017 73:(10)1403–1428. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22444
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Poole JC, Dobson KS, Pusch D Childhood adversity and adult depression: The protective role of psychological resilience. Child Abuse Negl. 2017 64:89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.012
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Schimmenti A The trauma factor: Examining the relationships among different types of trauma, dissociation, and psychopathology. J Trauma Dissociation. 2018 19:(5)552–571. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1402400
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Park AT, Tooley UA, Leonard JA, et al. Early childhood stress is associated with blunted development of ventral tegmental area functional connectivity. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2021 47:100909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100909
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.5339/avi.2025.14
Loading
/content/journals/10.5339/avi.2025.14
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error