References

1. Peitzman AB, Arnold SA, Boone DC. Trauma manual. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press 1994;:93
   [Google Scholar]
2. Malhotra AK, Fabian TC, Katsis SB, Gavant ML, Croce MA. Blunt bowel and mesenteric injuries: the role screening computed tomography. J Trauma. 2000; 48::991–1000
   [Google Scholar]
3. Fakhry SM, Brownstein M, Watts DD, Baker CC, Oller D. Relatively short diagnostic delays ( < 8 hours) produce morbidity and mortality in blunt small bowel injury: an analysis of time to operative intervention in 198 patients from multicentre experience. J Trauma. 2000; 48::408–414
   [Google Scholar]
4. Fang JF, Chen JC, Lin BC. Cell count ratio: new criterion of diagnostic peritoneal lavage for detection of hollow organ perforation. J Trauma. 1998; 45::540–544
   [Google Scholar]
5. Brown MA, Casola G, Sirlin CB, Patel NY, Hoyt DB. Blunt abdominal trauma: screening US in 2,693 patients. Radiology. 2001; 218::352–358
   [Google Scholar]
6. Shanmugananthan K, Mirvis SE, Sherbourne CD, Chui WC, Rodriguez A. Hem peritoneum as sole indicator of abdominal visceral injuries: a potential limitation of screening abdominal US for trauma. Radiology. 1999; 212::423–430
   [Google Scholar]
7. Brownstein MR, Bunting T, Meyer AA, Fakhry SM. Diagnosis and management of blunt small bowel injury: a survey of the membership of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma. 2000; 48::402–407
   [Google Scholar]
8. Mettler FA Jr, Huda W, Yoshizumi TT, Mahesh M. Effective doses in radiology and diagnostic nuclear medicine: a catalog. Radiology. 2008; 248:1:254–263
   [Google Scholar]
9. Thomsen HS, Bush WH. Adverse effects of contrast media: incidence, prevention and management. Drug Safety. 1998; 19::313–324
   [Google Scholar]
10. Poletti PA, Kinkel K, Vermeulen B, Irmay F, Unger PF, Terrier F. Blunt abdominal trauma: should US be used to detect both free fluid and organ injuries. Radiology. 2003; 227::95–103
    [Google Scholar]
11. Rizzo MJ, Federle MP, Griffiths BG. Bowel and mesenteric injury following blunt abdominal trauma: evaluation with CT. Radiology. 1989; 173::143–148, Mirvis SE, Gens DR, Shanmuganathan K. Rupture of the bowel after blunt abdominal trauma: diagnosis with CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992; 159:1217–1221
    [Google Scholar]
12. Mirvis SE, Gens DR, Shanmuganathan K. Rupture of the bowel after blunt abdominal trauma: diagnosis with CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992; 159::1217–1221
    [Google Scholar]
13. Donohue JH, Federle MP, Griffiths BG, Trunkey DD. Computed tomography in the diagnosis of blunt intestinal and mesenteric injuries. J Trauma. 1987; 27::11–17
    [Google Scholar]
14. Killeen KL, Shanmuganathan K, Poletti PA, Cooper C, Mirvis SE. Helical computed tomography of bowel and mesenteric injuries. J Trauma. 2001; 51::26–36
    [Google Scholar]
15. Scaglione M, de Lutio di Castelguidone E, Scialpi M, Merola S, Diettrich AI, Lombardo P, Romano L, Grassi R. Blunt trauma to the gastrointestinal tract and mesentery: is there a role for helical CT in the decision-making process? Eur J Radiol. 2004; 50::67–73
    [Google Scholar]
16. Brofman N, Atri M, Hanson JM, Grinblat L, Chughtai T, Brenneman F. Evaluation of bowel and mesenteric trauma with multidetector CT. Radiographics. 2006; 26::1119–1131
    [Google Scholar]
17. Hagiwara A, Yukioka T, Satou M, Yoshii H, Yamamoto S, Matsuda H, Shimazaki S. Early diagnosis of small intestinal rupture from blunt abdominal trauma using computed tomography: significance of the streaky density within the mesentery. J Trauma. 1995; 38::630–633
    [Google Scholar]
18. Breen DJ, Janzen DL, Zwirewich CV, Nagy AG. Blunt bowel and mesenteric injury: diagnostic performance of CT signs. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1997; 21::706–712
    [Google Scholar]
19. Donohue JH, Federle MP, Griffiths BG, Trunkey DD. Computed tomography in the diagnosis of blunt intestinal and mesenteric injuries. J Trauma. 1987; 27::11–17
    [Google Scholar]
20. Sivit CJ, Eichelberger MR, Taylor GA. CT in children with rupture of the bowel caused by blunt trauma: diagnosis efficacy and comparison with hypoperfusion complex. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994; 163::1195–1198
    [Google Scholar]
21. Kane NM, Francis IR, Burney RE, Wheatley MJ, Ellis JH, Korobkin M. Traumatic pneumoperitoneum: implications of computed tomography diagnosis. Invest Radiol. 1991; 26::574–578
    [Google Scholar]
22. Brody JM, Leighton DB, Murphy BL, Abbott GF, Vaccaro JP, Jagminas L, Cioffi WG. CT of blunt trauma bowel and mesenteric injury: typical findings and pitfalls in diagnosis. Radiographics. 2000; 20::1525–1536
    [Google Scholar]
23. Dowe MF, Shanmuganathan K, Mirvis SE, Steiner RC, Cooper C. CT findings of mesenteric injury after blunt trauma: implications for surgical intervention. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997; 168::425–428
    [Google Scholar]
24. Killeen KL, Shanmuganathan K, Poletti PA, Cooper C, Mirvis SE. Helical computed tomography of bowel and mesenteric injuries. J Trauma. 2001; 51::26–36
    [Google Scholar]
25. Halvorsen RA, Mckenney K. Blunt trauma to gastrointestinal tract: CT findings with small bowel and colon injuries. Emerg Radiol. 2002; 9::141–145
    [Google Scholar]
26. Allen TL, Mueller MT, Bonk RT, Harker CP, Duffy OH, Stevens MH. Computed tomographic scanning without oral contrast solution for blunt bowel and mesenteric injuries in abdominal trauma. J Trauma. 2004; 56::314–322
    [Google Scholar]
27. Stuhlfaut Joshua W, Soto Jorge A, Lucey Brian C, Ulrich Andrew, Rathlev Niels K, Burke Peter A, Hirsch Erwin F. Blunt abdominal trauma: performance of CT without oral contrast material. Radiology. 2004; 233::689–694
    [Google Scholar]
28. Holmes JF, Offerman SR, Chang CH, Randel BE, Hahn DD, Frankovsky MJ, Wisner DH. Performance of helical computed tomography without oral contrast for detection of gastrointestinal injuries. Ann Emeg Med. 2004; 43::120–128
    [Google Scholar]