1887
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Global Cardiology Science and Practice
  4. Volume 2013, Issue 2
  5. Article
Volume 2013, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 2305-7823
  • EISSN:

Abstract

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of PAD in the developed world is approximately 12% among adult population, which is age-dependent and with men being affected slightly more than women. Despite the strikingly high prevalence of PAD, the disease is underdiagnosed. Surprisingly, more than 70% of primary health care providers in the US were unaware of the presence of PAD in their patients. The clinical presentation of PAD may vary from asymptomatic to intermittent claudication, atypical leg pain, rest pain, ischemic ulcers, or gangrene. Claudication is the typical symptomatic expression of PAD. However, the disease may remains asymptomatic in up to 50% of all PAD patients. PAD has also been reported as a marker of poor outcome among patients with coronary artery disease. Despite the fact that the prevalence of atherosclerotic disease is increasing in the Middle East with increasing cardiovascular risk factors (tobacco use, diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome), data regarding PAD incidence in the Middle East are scarce.

© 2013 El-Menyar, Al Suwaidi, Al-Thani, licensee Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.5339/gcsp.2013.13
2013-07-01
2024-04-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/gcsp/2013/2/gcsp.2013.13.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.5339/gcsp.2013.13&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Charlier P, Huynh I. Assessment of atherosclerosis in Egyptian mummies. JAMA. 2010; 303:12:1149–1150
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Ruffer MA. On arterial lesions found in Egyptian Mummies (1580 BC-535 AD). J Pathol Bacteriol. 1911; 16::453–462
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Allam AH, Thompson RC, Wann LS, Miyamoto MI, Nur El-Din Ael-H, El-Maksoud GA, Al-Tohamy Soliman M, Badr I, El-Rahman Amer HA, Sutherland ML, Sutherland JD, Thomas GS. Atherosclerosis in ancient Egyptian mummies: the Horus study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011; 4:4:315–327
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Kennedy M, Solomon C, Manolio TA, Criqui MH, Newman AB, Polak JF, Burke GL, Enright P, Cushman M. Risk factors for declining ankle-brachial index in men and women 65 years or older: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165:16:1896–1902
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Bennett PC, Silverman S, Gill PS, Lip GY. Ethnicity and peripheral artery disease. QJM. 2009; 102:1:3–16
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Meadows TA, Bhatt DL, Cannon CP, Gersh BJ, Röther J, Goto S, Liau CS, Wilson PW, Salette G, Smith SC, Steg PG. REACH Registry Investigators . Ethnic differences in cardiovascular risks and mortality in atherothrombotic disease: insights from the Reduction of therothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) registry. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011; 86:10:960–967
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Criqui MH, Vargas V, Denenberg JO, Ho E, Allison M, Langer RD, Gamst A, Bundens WP, Fronek A. Ethnicity and peripheral arterial disease: the San Diego Population Study. Circulation. 2005; 112:17:2703–2707
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Behar S, Zion M, Reicher-Reiss H, Kaplinsky E, Goldbourt U. Short- and long-term prognosis of patients with a first acute myocardial infarction with concomitant peripheral vascular disease. SPRINT Study Group. Am J Med. 1994; 96:1:15–19
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Kownator S, Cambou JP, Cacoub P, Léger P, Luizy F, Herrmann MA, Priollet P. Prevalence of unknown peripheral arterial disease in patients with coronary artery disease: data in primary care from the IPSILON study. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2009; 102:8–9:625–631
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Meizels A, Zeitoun DM, Bataille V, Cambou JP, Collet JP, Cottin Y, Dujardin JJ, Goldstein P, Danchin N, Thomas D, Steg PG. ALLIANCE investigators on behalf of the working group on Epidemiology of the French Society of Cardiology . Impact of polyvascular disease on baseline characteristics, management and mortality in acute myocardial infarction. The Alliance project. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2010; 103:4:207–214
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Belch JJ, Topol EJ, Agnelli G, Bertrand M, Califf RM, Clement DL, Creager MA, Easton JD, Gavin JR 3rd, Greenland P, Hankey G, Hanrath P, Hirsch AT, Meyer J, Smith SC, Sullivan F, Weber MA. Prevention of Atherothrombotic Disease Network . Critical issues in peripheral arterial disease detection and management: a call to action. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163:8:884–892
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Bhatt DL, Peterson ED, Harrington RA, Ou FS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM, Kleiman NS, Brindis RG, Peacock WF, Brener SJ, Menon V, Smith SC Jr, Pollack CV Jr, Gibler WB, Ohman EM, Roe MT, ; CRUSADE Investigators . Prior polyvascular disease: risk factor for adverse ischaemic outcomes in acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2009; 30:10:1195–1202
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Sabouret P, Cacoub P, Dallongeville J, Krempf M, Mas JL, Pinel JF, Priollet P, Steg G, Taminau D, Montalescot G. REACH Registry investigators . REACH: international prospective observational registry in patients at risk of atherothrombotic events. Results for the French arm at baseline and one year. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2008; 101:2:81–88
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Criqui MH, Ninomiya JK, Wingard DL, Ji M, Fronek A. Progression of peripheral arterial disease predicts cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52:21:1736–1742
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Shah AM, Banerjee T, Mukherjee D. Coronary, peripheral and cerebrovascular disease: a complex relationship. J Indian Med Assoc. 2010; 108:5:292–294, 296
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Newman AB, Shemanski L, Manolio TA. Ankle arm index as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study: the Cardiovascular Health Study Group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999; 19::538–545
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Huelmos A, Jiménez J, Guijarro C, Belinchón JC, Puras E, Sánchez C, Casas ML, López-Bescos L. Underrecognized peripheral arterial disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome: prevalence of traditional and emergent cardiovascular risk factors. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2005; 58:12:1403–1410
     [Google Scholar]
  18. European Stroke Organisation , Tendera M, Aboyans V, Bartelink ML, Baumgartner I, Clément D, Collet JP, Cremonesi A, De Carlo M, Erbel R, Fowkes FG, Heras M, Kownator S, Minar E, Ostergren J, Poldermans D, Riambau V, Roffi M, Röther J, Sievert H, van Sambeek M, Zeller T  ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines . ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases: Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries: the Task Force on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Artery Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2011; 32:22:2851–2906
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Ferreira-González I, Permanyer Miralda G, Heras M, Ribera A, Marsal JR, Cascant P, Arós F, Bueno H, Sánchez PL, Cuñat J, Civeira E, Marrugat J. Investigadores del Estudio MASCARA . Prognosis and management of patients with acute coronary syndrome and and apaneselar disease. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2009; 62:9:1012–1021
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Januzzi JL Jr, Buros J, Cannon CP. Tactics TIMI 18 Investigators . Peripheral arterial disease, acute coronary syndromes, and early invasive management: the TACTICS TIMI 18 trial. Clin Cardiol. 2005 May;; 28:5:238–242
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Cotter G, Cannon CP, McCabe CH, Michowitz Y, Kaluski E, Charlesworth A, Milo O, Bentley J, Blatt A, Krakover R, Zimlichman R, Reisin L, Marmor A, Lewis B, Vered Z, Caspi A, Braunwald E. OPUS-TIMI 16 Investigators . Prior peripheral arterial disease and cerebrovascular disease are independent predictors of adverse outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes: are we doing enough? Results from the Orbofiban in Patients with Unstable Coronary Syndromes-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (OPUS-TIMI) 16 study. Am Heart J. 2003; 145:4:622–627
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Mukherjee D, Eagle KA, Kline-Rogers E, Feldman LJ, Juliard JM, Agnelli G, Budaj A, Avezum A, Allegrone J, FitzGerald G, Steg PG. GRACE Investigators . Impact of prior peripheral arterial disease and stroke on outcomes of acute coronary syndromes and effect of evidence-based therapies (from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events). Am J Cardiol. 2007 Jul 1; 100:1:1–6
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Morillas P, Quiles J, Cordero A, Guindo J, Soria F, Mazón P, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Bertomeu V. Prevalence of Peripheral ArterialDisease in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome (PAMISCA) Investigators . Impact of clinical and subclinical peripheral arterial disease in mid-term prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 104:11:1494–1498
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Fowkes FG, Low LP, Tuta S, Kozak J. AGATHA Investigators . Ankle-brachial index and extent of atherothrombosis in 8891 patients with or at risk of vascular disease: results of the international AGATHA study. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27::1861–1867
     [Google Scholar]
  25. El-Menyar A, Amin H, Rashdan I, Souliman K, Deleu D, Saadat K, Al Mahmeed W, Bakir S, Wasif A, Ben Brek A, Bazargani N, Ahmed Abdel Aziz, Singh R, Hatou I, Mahmoud H, Al Suwaidi J. Ankle-brachial index and extent of atherosclerosis in patients from the Middle East (the AGATHA-ME study): a cross-sectional multicenter study. Angiology. 2009; 60:3:329–334
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Al-Thani HA, El-Menyar A, Zubaid M, Rashed WA, Ridha M, Almahmeed W, Sulaiman K, Al-Motarreb A, Amin H, Al Suwaidi J. Peripheral arterial disease in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome in six middle eastern countries. Int J Vasc Med. 2011; 2011::815902. Epub 2011 Dec 18
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Al Thani H, El-Menyar A, Alhabib KF, Al-Motarreb A, Hersi A, Alfaleh H, Asaad N, Saif SA, Almahmeed W, Sulaiman K, Amin H, Alsheikh-Ali AA, Alnemer K, Suwaidi JA. Polyvascular Disease in patients presenting with Acute Coronary Syndrome: Its Predictors and Outcomes. The ScientificWorld Journal. 2012;doi:10.1100/2012/284851
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Al Thani H, El-Menyar A, Hussein A, Sadek A, Sharaf A, Singh R, Koshy V, Al Suwaidi J. Prevalence, Predictors and Impact of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Hemodialysis Patients: A Cohort Study with 3-year Follow-up. Angiology. 2012 Feb 19;. [Epub ahead of print]
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Fowkes FG, Housley E, Cawood EH, Macintyre CC, Ruckley CV, Prescott RJ. Edinburgh Artery Study: prevalence of aymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol. 1991; 20::384–392
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Meijer WT, Hoes AW, Rutgers D, Bots ML, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998; 18::185–192
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Fabsitz RR, Sidawy AN, Go O, Lee ET, Welty TK, Devereux RB, Howard BV. Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease and Associated Risk Factors in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 149::330–338
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Premalatha G, Shanthirani S, Deepa R, Markovitz J, Mohan V. Prevalence and risk factors of peripheral vascular disease in a selected South Indian population. Diabetes care. 2000; 23::1295–1300
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Diehm C, Schuster A, Allenberg JR, Darius H, Haberl R, Lange S, Pittrow D, von Stritzky B, Tepohl G, Trampisch HJ. High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and co-morbidity in 6880 primary care patients: cross sectional study. Atherosclerosis. 2004; 172::95–105
     [Google Scholar]
  34. He Y, Jiang Y, Wang J, Fan L, Li X, Hu FB. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and its association with smoking in a population-based study in Beijing, China. J Vasc Surg. 2006; 44::333–338
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Al-Sheikh SO, Aljabri BA, Al-Ansary LA, Al-Khayal LA, Al-Salman MM, Al-Omran MA. Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in Saudi Arabia. A pilot cross sectional study. Saudi Med J. 2007; 28::412–414
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Garofolo L, Barros N Jr, Miranda F Jr, D'Almeida V, Cardien LC, Ferreira SR. Association of increased levels of homocysteine and peripheral arterial disease in a Japanese-Brazilian Population. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007; 34::23–28
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Sritara P, Sritara C, Woodward M, Wangsuphachart S, Barzi F, Hengprasith B, Yipintsoi T. Prevalence and risk factors of peripheral arterial disease in a selected Thai population. Angiology. 2007; 58::572–578
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Carbayo JA, Divisón JA, Escribano J, López-Abril J, López de Coca E, Artigao LM, Martínez E, Sanchis C, Massó J, Carrión L. Grupo de Enfermedades Vasculares de Albacete (GEVA) . Using ankle-brachial index to detect peripheral arterial disease: prevalence and associated risk factors in a random population sample. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2007; 17::41–49
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Sigvant B, Wiberg-Hedman K, Bergqvist D, Rolandsson O, Andersson B, Persson E, Wahlberg E. A population-based study of peripheral arterial disease prevalence with special focus on critical limb ischemia and sex differences. J Vasc Surg. 2007; 45::1185–1191
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Kumar A, Mash B, Rupesinghe G. Peripheral arterial disease -high prevalence in rural black South Africans. S Afr Med J. 2007; 97::285–288
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Tekin N, Baskan M, Yesilkayali T, Karabay O. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and related risk factors in Turkish elders. BMC Fam Pract. 2011 Sep 19; 12::96
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Heliovaara M, Karvonen MJ, Vilhunen R, Punsar S. Smoking, carbon monoxide and atherosclerotic diseases. Br Med J. 1978; 1::268–270
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Premalatha G, Markovitz J, Shanthirani S, Mohan V, Deepa R. Prevalence and risk factors of peripheral vascular disease in a selected South Indian population. Diabetes care. 2000; 23::1295–1300
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Newman AB, Siscovick DS, Manolio TA, Polak J, Fried LP, Borhani NO, Wolfson SK. Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular health study. Circulation. 1993; 88::837–845
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Luscher TF, Creager MA, Beckman JA, Cosentino F. Diabetes and vascular disease: pathophysiology, clinical consequences and medical therapy: Part II. Circulation. 2003; 108::1655–1661
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Creager MA, Luscher TF, Cosentino F, Beckman JA. Diabetes and vascular disease: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: Part 1. Circulation. 2003; 108::1527–1532
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Murabito JM, D'Agostino RB, Silberhatz H, Wilson WF. Intermittent claudication: a risk profile from the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1997; 96::44–49
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, Regensteiner JG, Creager MA, Olin JW, Krook SH, Hunninghake DB, Comerota AJ, Walsh ME, McDermott MM, Hiatt WR. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA. 2001; 286::1317–1324
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Makin A, Lip GYH, Silverman S, Beevers DG. Peripheral vascular disease and hypertension: a forgotten association? J Hum Hypertens. 2001; 15::447–454
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Palumbo PJ, O'Fallon WM, Osmundson PJ, Zimmerman BR, Langworthy AL, Kazmier FJ. Progression of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in diabetes mellitus. What factors are predictive? Arch Intern Med. 1991; 151::717–721
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Liew YP, Bartholomew JR, Demirjian S, Michaels J, Schreiber MJ Jr. Combined effect of chronic kidney disease and peripheral arterial disease on all-cause mortality in a high risk population. Clin J Am Nephrol. 2008; 3::1084–1089
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Tzoulaki I, Murray GD, Lee AJ, Rumley A, Lowe GD, Fowkes FG. C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and soluble adhesion molecules as predictors of progressive peripheral atherosclerosis in the general population: Edinburgh Artery Study. Circulation. 2005; 112::976–983
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration , Danesh J, Lewington S, Thompson SG, Lowe GD, Collins R, Kostis JB, Wilson AC, Folsom AR, Wu K, Benderly M, Goldbourt U, Willeit J, Kiechl S, Yarnell JW, Sweetnam PM, Elwood PC, Cushman M, Psaty BM, Tracy RP, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Haverkate F, de Maat MP, Fowkes FG, Lee AJ, Smith FB, Salomaa V, Harald K, Rasi R, Vahtera E, Jousilahti P, Pekkanen J, D'Agostino R, Kannel WB, Wilson PW, Tofler G, Arocha-Piñango CL, Rodriguez-Larralde A, Nagy E, Mijares M, Espinosa R, Rodriquez-Roa E, Ryder E, Diez-Ewald MP, Campos G, Fernandez V, Torres E, Marchioli R, Valagussa F, Rosengren A, Wilhelmsen L, Lappas G, Eriksson H, Cremer P, Nagel D, Curb JD, Rodriguez B, Yano K, Salonen JT, Nyyssönen K, Tuomainen TP, Hedblad B, Lind P, Loewel H, Koenig W, Meade TW, Cooper JA, De Stavola B, Knottenbelt C, Miller GJ, Cooper JA, Bauer KA, Rosenberg RD, Sato S, Kitamura A, Naito Y, Palosuo T, Ducimetiere P, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Evans AE, Ferrieres J, Juhan-Vague I, Bingham A, Schulte H, Assmann G, Cantin B, Lamarche B, Després JP, Dagenais GR, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Woodward M, Ben-Shlomo Y, Davey Smith G, Palmieri V, Yeh JL, Rudnicka A, Ridker P, Rodeghiero F, Tosetto A, Shepherd J, Ford I, Robertson M, Brunner E, Shipley M, Feskens EJ, Kromhout D, Dickinson A, Ireland B, Juzwishin K, Kaptoge S, Lewington S, Memon A, Sarwar N, Walker M, Wheeler J, White I, Wood A. Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration. Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major cardiovascular diseases and nonvascular mortality. JAMA. 2005; 294::1799–1809
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Vene N, Mavri A, Kosmelj K, Stegnar M. High D-dimer levels predict cardiovascular events in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation during oral anticoagulation therapy. Thromb Haemost. 2003; 90::1163–1172
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Vainas T, Stassen FR, de Graaf R, Twiss EL, Herngreen SB, Welten RJ, van den Akker LH, van Dieijen-Visser MP, Bruggeman CA, Kitslaar PJ. C-reactive protein in peripheral arterial disease: relation to severity of the disease and to future cardiovascular events. J Vasc Surg. 2005; 42::243–251
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Brevetti G, Silvestro A, Di Giacomo S, Bucur R, Di Donato A, Schiano V, Scopacasa F. Endothelial dysfunction in peripheral arterial disease is related to increase in plasma markers of inflammation and severity of peripheral circulatory impairment but not to classic risk factors and atherosclerotic burden. J Vasc Surg. 2003; 38::374–379
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Cheng SW, Ting AC, Wong J. Lipoprotein(a) and its relationship to risk factors and severity of atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1997; 14::17–23
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Tseng CH. Lipoprotein(a) is an independent risk factor for peripheral arterial disease in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients in Taiwan. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27::517–521
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Meijer WT, Grobbee DE, Hunink MG, Hofman A, Hoes AW. Determinants of peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160::2934–2938
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Murabito JM, Evans JC, Nieto K, Larson MG, Levy D, Wilson PW. Prevalence and clinical correlates of peripheral arterial disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am Heart J. 2002; 143::961–965
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Cui R, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Imano H, Ohira T, Kitamura A, Sato S, Naito Y, Shimamoto T. Ankle-arm blood pressure index and cardiovascular risk factors in elderly ÿapanese men. Hypertens Res. 2003; 26::377–382
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Selvin E, Erlinger TP. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000. Circulation. 2004; 110::738–743
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Allison MA, Criqui MH, McClelland RL, Scott JM, McDermott MM, Liu K, Folsom AR, Bertoni AG, Sharrett AR, Homma S, Kori S. The effect of novel cardiovascular risk factors on the ethnic-specific odds for peripheral arterial disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48::1190–1197
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AP, Sans S, Menotti A, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Ducimetière P, Jousilahti P, Keil U, Njølstad I, Oganov RG, Thomsen T, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Tverdal A, Wedel H, Whincup P, Wilhelmsen L, Graham IM. SCORE project group . Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE Project. Eur Heart J. 2003; 24::987–1003
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Hiatt WR. Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease and claudication. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344:21:1608–1621
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Grenon SM, Gagnon J, Hsiang Y. Video in clinical medicine. Ankle-brachial index for assessment of peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361:19:e40
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Fowkes FG. The measurement of atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease in epidemiological surveys. Int J Epidemiol. 1988; 17::248–254
     [Google Scholar]
  68. McKenna M, Wolfson S, Kuller L. The ratio of ankle and arm arterial pressure as an independent predictor of mortality. Atherosclerosis. 1991; 87::119–128
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Sikkink CJ, van Asten WN, van't Hof MA, van Langen H, van der Vliet JA. Decreased ankle/brachial indices in relation to morbidity and mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Med. 1997; 2::169–173
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Resnick HE, Lindsay RS, McDermott MM, Devereux RB, Jones KL, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV. Relationship of high and low ankle brachial index to all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. The Strong Heart Study. Circulation. 2004; 109::733–739
     [Google Scholar]
  71. McDermott MM, Greenland P, Liu K, Guralnik JM, Celic L, Criqui MH, Chan C, Martin GJ, Schneider J, Pearce WH, Taylor LM, Clark E. The ankle brachial index is associated with leg function and physical activity: the Walking and Leg Circulation Study. Ann Intern Med. 2002; 136::873–883
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Jelnes R, Gaardsting O, Hougaard Jensen K, Baekgaard N, Tønnesen KH, Schroeder T. Fate in intermittent claudication: outcome and risk factors. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986; 293::1137–1140
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Orchard TJ, Strandness DE Jr. Assessment of peripheral vascular disease in diabetes. Report and recommendations of an international workshop sponsored by the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association 18-20 September 1992, New Orleans, Louisiana. Diabetes Care. 1993; 16::1199–1209
     [Google Scholar]
  74. McDermott MM, Liu K, Criqui MH, Ruth K, Goff D, Saad MF, Wu C, Homma S, Sharrett AR. Ankle-brachial index and subclinical cardiac and carotid disease. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol. 2005; 162::33–41
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Wang JC, Criqui MH, Denenberg JO, McDermott MM, Golomb BA, Fronek A. Exertional leg pain in patients with and without peripheral arterial disease. Circulation. 2005; 112::3501–3508
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Aboyans V, Ho E, Denenberg JO, Ho LA, Natarajan L, Criqui MH. The association between elevated ankle systolic pressures and peripheral occlusive arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. J Vasc Surg. 2008; 48:5:1197–1203
     [Google Scholar]
  77. El-Menyar A, Zubaid M, Shehab A, Bulbanat B, Albustani N, Alenezi F, Al-Motarreb A, Singh R, Asaad N, Al Suwaidi J. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular risk factors among patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome in the middle East. Clin Cardiol. 2011; 34:1:51–58
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Al Suwaidi J, Zubaid M, El-Menyar AA, Singh R, Rashed W, Ridha M, Shehab A, Al-Lawati J, Amin H, Al-Mottareb A. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with acute coronary syndrome in six middle eastern countries. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010; 12:11:890–899
     [Google Scholar]
  79. El-Menyar A, Zubaid M, Sulaiman K, Singh R, Al Thani H, Akbar M, Bulbanat B, Al-Hamdan R, Almahmmed W, Al Suwaidi J. In-hospital major clinical outcomes in patients with chronic renal insufficiency presenting with acute coronary syndrome: data from a Registry of 8176 patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010; 85:4:332–340
     [Google Scholar]
  80. El-Menyar AA, Albinali HA, Bener A, Mohammed I, Al Suwaidi J. Prevalence and impact of diabetes mellitus in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a 10-year experience. Angiology. 2009 Dec-2010; 60:6:683–688
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Al Zahrani HA, Al Bar HM, Bahnassi A, Abdulaal AA. The distribution of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population of elderly high-risk Saudi patients. Int Angiol. 1997; 16:2:123–128
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Al-Mahroos F, Al-Roomi K. Diabetic neuropathy, foot ulceration, peripheral vascular disease and potential risk factors among patients with diabetes in Bahrain: a nationwide primary care diabetes clinic-based study. Ann Saudi Med. 2007 Jan-Feb; 27:1:25–31
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Fishbane S, Youn S, Kowalski EJ, Frei GL. Ankle-arm blood pressure index as a marker for atherosclerotic vascular diseases in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995; 25::34–39
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Rajagopalan S, Dellegrottaglie S, Furniss AL, Gillespie BW, Satayathum S, Lameire N, Saito A, Akiba T, Jadoul M, Ginsberg N, Keen M, Port FK, Mukherjee D, Saran R. Peripheral arterial disease in patients with end-stage renal disease: observations from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Circulation. 2006; 114:18:1914–1922
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Ono K, Tsuchida A, Kawai H, Matsuo H, Wakamatsu R, Maezawa A, Yano S, Kawada T, Nojima Y. Ankle-brachial blood pressure index predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003; 14:6:1591–1598
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Chen SC, Chang JM, Hwang SJ, Tsai JC, Wang CS, Mai HC, Lin FH, Su HM, Chen HC. Significant correlation between ankle-brachial index and vascular access failure in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 4:1:128–134
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Ogata H, Kumata-Maeta C, Shishido K, Mizobuchi M, Yamamoto M, Koiwa F, Kinugasa E, Akizawa T. Detection of peripheral artery disease by duplex ultrasonography among hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010; 5:12:2199–2206
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Adragao T, Pires A, Branco P, Castro R, Oliveira A, Nogueira C, Bordalo J, Curto JD, Prata MM. Ankle–brachial index, vascular calcifications and mortality in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011 May 6;
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Robert DieterRaymond Dieter IIIRaymond Dieter Jr, eds. Peripheral Arterial Disease. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2009;
     [Google Scholar]
  90. McDermott MG, P. Clinical significance and functional implications of peripheral arterial disease. In: Olin J, ed. Clinical Evaluation and Office-Based Detection of Peripheral Arterial Disease. An Office-Based Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease. Manchester: Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology 1998;:20–26
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Newman AB. Peripheral arterial disease: insights from population studies of older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000; 48:9:1157–1162
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Nguyen L, Liles DR, Lin PH, Bush RL. Hormone replacement therapy and peripheral vascular disease in women. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2004; 38:6:547–556
     [Google Scholar]
  93. McDermott MM, Greenland P, Liu K, Criqui MH, Guralnik JM, Celic L, Chan C. Sex differences in peripheral arterial disease: leg symptoms and physical functioning. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51:2:222–228
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Feinglass J, McDermott MM, Foroohar M, Pearce WH. Gender differences in interventional management of peripheral vascular disease: evidence from a blood flow laboratory population. Ann Vasc Surg. 1994; 8:4:343–349
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Norman PE, Semmens JB, Lawrence-Brown M, Holman CD. The influence of gender on outcome following peripheral vascular surgery: a review. Cardiovasc Surg. 2000; 8:2:111–115
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Higgins JP, Higgins JA. Epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease in women. J Epidemiol. 2003; 13:1:1–14
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Gardner AW. Sex differences in claudication pain in subjects with peripheral arterial disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002; 34:11:1695–1708
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Roddy SP, Darling RC 3rd, Maharaj D, Chang BB, Paty PS, Kreienberg PB, Lloyd WE, Ozsvath K, Shah DM. Gender-related differences in outcome: an analysis of 5880 infrainguinal arterial reconstructions. J Vasc Surg. 2003; 37:2:399–402
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Cheanvechai V, Harthun NL, Graham LM, Freischlag JA, Gahtan V. Incidence of peripheral vascular disease in women: is it different from that in men? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004; 127:2:314–317
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Beks PJ, Mackaay AJ, de Neeling JN, de Vries H, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Peripheral arterial disease in relation to glycaemic level in an elderly Caucasian population: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia. 1995; 38::86–96
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Zheng ZJ, Sharrett AR, Chambless LE, Rosamond WD, Nieto FJ, Sheps DS, Dobs A, Evans GW, Heiss G. Associations of ankle-brachial index with clinical coronary heart disease,stroke and preclinical carotid and popliteal atherosclerosis: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Atherosclerosis. 1997; 131::115–125
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Zheng ZJ, Rosamond WD, Chambless LE, Nieto FJ, Barnes RW, Hutchinson RG, Tyroler HA, Heiss G. ARIC Investigators . Lower extremity arterial disease assessed by ankle-brachial index in a middle-ages population of African Americans and Whites. Am J Prev Med. 2005; 29:5S1:42–49
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Kröger K, Stang A, Kondratieva J, Moebus S, Beck E, Schmermund A, Möhlenkamp S, Dragano N, Siegrist J, Jöckel KH, Erbel R. Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Group . Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease—results of the Heinz Nixdorf recall study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2006; 21::279–285
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Vogt MT, Cauley JA, Kuller LH, Hulley SB. Prevalence and correlates of lower extremity arterial disease in elderly women. Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 137::559–568
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Kornitzer M, Dramaix M, Sobolski J, Degre S, De Backer G. Ankle/arm pressure index in asymptomatic middle-aged males: an independent predictor of ten-year coronary heart disease mortality. Angiology. 1995; 46::211–219
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Doobay AV, Anand SS. A systematic review sensitivity and specificity of the Ankle-Brachial index to predict future cardiovascular outcomes. Atheroscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005; 25::1463–1469
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration , Fowkes FG, Murray GD, Butcher I, Heald CL, Lee RJ, Chambless LE, Folsom AR, Hirsch AT, Dramaix M, deBacker G, Wautrecht JC, Kornitzer M, Newman AB, Cushman M, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Fowkes FG, Lee AJ, Price JF, d'Agostino RB, Murabito JM, Norman PE, Jamrozik K, Curb JD, Masaki KH, Rodríguez BL, Dekker JM, Bouter LM, Heine RJ, Nijpels G, Stehouwer CD, Ferrucci L, McDermott MM, Stoffers HE, Hooi JD, Knottnerus JA, Ogren M, Hedblad B, Witteman JC, Breteler MM, Hunink MG, Hofman A, Criqui MH, Langer RD, Fronek A, Hiatt WR, Hamman R, Resnick HE, Guralnik J, McDermott MM. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008; 300::197–208
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Criqui MH, Langer RD, Fronek A, Feigelson HS, Klauber MR, McCann TJ, Browner D. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med. 1992; 326::381–386
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Vogt MT, Cauley JA, Newman AB, Kuller LH, Hulley SB. Decreased ankle/arm blood pressure index and mortality in elderly women. JAMA. 1993; 270::465–469
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Leng GC, Fowkes FG, Lee AJ, Dunbar J, Housley E, Ruckley CV. Use of ankle brachial pressure index to predict cardiovascular events and death: a cohort study. BMJ. 1996; 313::1440–1444
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Ogren M, Hedblad B, Isacsson SO, Janzon L, Jungquist G, Lindell SE. Ten year cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality in 68 year old men with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Br Med J. 1995; 310::1294–1298
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.5339/gcsp.2013.13
Loading
Peripheral arterial disease in the Middle East: Underestimated predictor of worse outcome
Global Cardiology Science and Practice 2013, 13 (2013); https://doi.org/10.5339/gcsp.2013.13
/content/journals/10.5339/gcsp.2013.13
/content/journals/10.5339/gcsp.2013.13
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

Supplementary File 1

  • Article Type: Review Article
Keyword(s): Middle East and Peripheral arterial disease
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error