1887
Volume 2010, Issue 1
  • EISSN: 2220-2749

Abstract

Abstract

Although results from prior publications have indicated that normative bone mineral density (BMD) in Saudi Arabian women is significantly lower than their North American and European counterparts, there has been no systematic attempt to study these differences across the age-spectrum.

To explore these issues in more detail, a new Saudi Arabian normative BMD dataset was systematically derived from patient data at King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre in Riyadh. Changes in mean BMD were studied with respect to both age and years-since-menopause.

A retrospective analysis of BMD was carried out among 858 Saudi Arabian women who had undergone routine dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. In addition to the usual patient details collected at each scan, information from questionnaires summarizing the patient’s medical, lifestyle and menopause history was also used to identify a subset of 179 presumed-normal women.

The normative BMD results for the L2-L4 AP-spine scans agree very closely with published data describing Jeddah women and indicate that during their postmenopausal years, the BMD of an average Saudi Arabian woman drops from a premenopausal plateau (i.e. peak bone mass) of 1.14 g cm−2, to a residual postmenopausal plateau of 0.92 g cm−2. The time-constant for this loss is 4.64 years.

We conclude that the average BMD of normal Saudi Arabian women is approximately 0.1 g cm−2 lower than European women across the entire adult age-range, but that the extent and rate of postmenopausal bone loss appears to lie within the normal European range. This suggests that osteoporosis is first manifested in young adults.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.5339/avi.2010.2
2010-12-12
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/avi/2010/1/avi.2010.2.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.5339/avi.2010.2&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. El-Desouki M. , (1995). Bone mineral density of the spine and femur in the normal Saudi population. Saudi Medical Journal. 16:, 1, 3035.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Ghannam N.N., Hammami M.M., Bakheet S.M. and Khan B.A. , (1999). Bone mineral density of the spine and femur in healthy Saudi females: relation to vitamin D status, pregnancy, and lactation. Calcified Tissue International. 65:, 1, 2328.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Ardawi M.S., Maimany A.A., Bahksh T.M., Nasrat H.A., Milaat W.A. and Al-Raddadi R.M. , (2005). Bone mineral density of the spine and femur in healthy Saudis. Osteoporosis International. 16:, 1, 4355.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. El-Desouki M.I. , (1999). Osteoporosis in postmenopausal Saudi women using dual X-ray bone densitometry. Saudi Medical Journal. 20:, 4, 283286.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. El-Desouki M.I. , (2003). Osteoporosis in postmenopausal Saudi women using dual x-ray bone densitometry. Saudi Medical Journal. 24:, 9, 953956.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Al-Maatouq M.A., El-Desouki M.I., Othman S.A., Mattar E.H., Babay Z.A. and Addar M. , (2004). Prevalence of osteoporosis among postmenopausal females with diabetes mellitus. Audi Medical Journal. 25:, 10, 14231427.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Sadat-Ali M., Al-Habdan I.M., Al-Mulhim F.A. and El-Hassan A.Y. , (2004). Bone mineral density among postmenopausal Saudi women. Saudi Medical Journal. 25:, 11, 16231625.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Sadat-Ali M., Al-Habdan I., Al-Mulhim A.A. and El-Hassan A.Y. , (2005). Effect of parity on bone mineral density among postmenopausal Saudi Arabian women. Saudi Medical Journal. 26:, 10, 15881590.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Outif A.M., Hendi A.A., Al-Dihan A.A. and Al-Ghamdi S.S. , (2004). Bone mineral density. What normative data should we use to report Saudi female patients?. Saudi Medical Journal. 25:, 8, 10401045.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. WHO Technical Report Series 843: Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. 1994. World Health Organization. Geneva.
  11. Ilich J.Z. and Kerstetter J.E. , (2000). Nutrition in bone health revisited: a story bejond calcium. J. Amer. Coll. Nutrition. 19:, 6, 715737.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Sowers M., Randolph J., Shapiro B. and Jannausch M. , (1995). A prospective study of bone density and pregnancy after an extended period of lactation with bone loss. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 85:, 2, 285289.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Dawson-Hughes , Heaney R.P., Holick M.F., Lips P., Meuier P.J. and Veith R. , (2005). Osteoporos Int.. 16:, 713716.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Sedrani S.H., Elidrissy A.W. and El-Arabi K.M. , (1983). Sunlight and vitamin D status in normal Saudi subjects. Am. J. Clinical Nutr.. 38:, 129132.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Islam M.Z., Akhtaruzzaman M. and Lamberg-Allardt C. , (2006). Hypovitaminosis D is common in both veiled and nonveiled Bangladeshi women. Asia Pas. J. Clin. Nutr.. 15:, 1, 8187.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Mishal A.A. , (2001). Effects of different dress styles on vitamin D levels in healthy yough Jordanian women. Osteoporos Int.. 2:, 931935.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Hashemipour S., Larijani B., Adibi H., Javadi E., Sedeghat M., Pajouhi M., Soltani A., Shafaei A.R., Hamidi Z., Fard A.R.K., Hossein-Nezhad A.H. and Booya F. , (2004). Vitamin D deficiency and causative factors in the population of Tehran. BMC Publica Health. 4:, 38710.1186/1471-2458-4-38
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Meddeb N., Sahli H., Chahed M., Abdelmoula J., Feki M., Salah H., Frini S., Kaabachi N., Belkahia Ch Mbazaa, Zouari B. and Sellami S. , (2005). Vitamin D dediciency in Tunisia. Osteoporos Int.. 16:, 180183.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Guzel R., Kozanoglu E., Guler-Uysal F., Soyupak S. and Sarpel T. , (2001). Vitamin D status and bone mineral density of veiled and unveiled Turkish women. Journal of Women’s Health and Gender-Based Medicine. 10:, 8, 765770.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Allalli F., El Aichaoui S., Saoud B., Maaroufi H., Abouqal R. and Hajjaj-Hassouni N. , (2006). The impact of clothing style on bone mineral density among postmenopausal women in Morocco: a case-control study. BMC Public Health. 6:, 135
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Ahmed A.I.H., Blake G.M., Rymer J.M. and Fogelman I. , (1997). Screening for osteopenia and osteoporosis: do the accepted normal ranges lead to overdiagnosis?. Osteoporosis Int.. 7:, 432438.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Genant H.K., Grampp S., Gluer C.C., Faulkner K.G., Jergas M., Engelke K., Hagiwara S. and Van Kuijk C. , (1994). Universal standardisation for dual X-ray absorptiometry: patient and phantom cross-claibration results. J. Bone Miner. Res.. 9:, 10, 15031514.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Shipman A.J., Guy G.W.C., Smith I., Ostlere S., Greer W. and Smith R. , (1999). Vertebral bone mineral density, content and area in 8,789 normal women aged 33-73 years who have never had hormone replacement therapy. Osteoporosis Int.. 9:, 420426.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Greer W., Shipman A.J. and Smith R. , (2003). A multi-exponential model of postmenopausal decline in vertebral bone mineral density: a new approach to the BMD reference range. Journal of Clinical Densitometry. 6:, 2, 97108.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Greer W., Sandridge A.L. and Chehabeddine R.S. , (2003). The frequency distribution of age at natural menopause among Saudi Arabian women. Maturitas. 46:, 4, 263272.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Bererhi H., Constable A., Lindell S.E., Countino J. and Kharousi W. , (1994). A study of bone mineral density versus age in Omani women and a comparison with normal British women. Nuclear Medicine Communications. 15:, 99103.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Dougherty G. and Al-Marzouk , (2001). Bone Density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in healthy Kuwaiti women. Calcif Tissue Int.. 68:, 225229.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Maalouf G., Salem S., Sandid M., Attalah P., Eid J., Saliba N., Nehme I. and Johnell O. , (2000). Bone mineral density of the Lebanese reference population. Osteoporos Int.. 11:, 756764.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Manisah M., Ozaksoy D., Yilmaz E., Senocak O., Tatari H., Baran O. and Havitcioglu H. , (2003). Bone mineral density reference values in the normal female and male population of Izmir. Turkey. Eur. Radiol.. 13:, 157162.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Hammoudeh, M. , Al-Khayarin, M. , Zirie, M. and Bener, A., Bone density measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in Qatari women. 2005;52(3–4):319–327.
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.5339/avi.2010.2
Loading
/content/journals/10.5339/avi.2010.2
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Bone mineral densityOsteoporosis and Saudi Arabia
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error