1887
Volume 7, Issue 1
  • EISSN: 2708-0463

Abstract

نظراً لكون الكادميوم ذا تأثير سُمِّيٍّ على الدماغ، كان الهدف من الدراسة بيان تأثيرات الكادميوم الحادة في السلوك العصبي للفئران. وعوملت الفئران بالكادميوم بجرعة 1 ملجم/كجم من وزن الجسم، في الخلب لمرة واحدة أو متكررة لمدة ثلاثة أيام. بعد المعاملة رُصدت التغييرات في اختبارات سلوك الحيوان مقارنة بمحموعة السيطرة (المحلول الملحي الفسلجي)، التي شملت قياسات النشاط داخل الميدان المفتوح، والانتحاء الأرضي السالب، وإدخال الرأس في الثقوب، واختبار العصا الدوّار، وأخرى كيمياحياتية، وإجراء التحدي الدوائي لبيان التخدير بمزيج الزايلازين والكتامين. وسبَّب الكادميوم بجرعة 1 ملجم/كجم تغييرات في السلوك العصبي في الأوقات نصف ساعة، وساعة، وساعتين، و24 ساعة بعد الحقن على شكل انخفاض معنوي في النشاط الحركي في الميدان المفتوح، وزيادة معنوية في الوقت المستغرق لإكمال اختبار الانتحاء الأرضي السالب مع التقليل معنويّاً من عدد مرات إدخال الرأس في الثقوب، ومن الوقت المستغرق للبقاء على العصا الدوّار مقارنة بقيم مجموعة السيطرة. وعند حقن الكادميوم لثلاثة أيام متتالية انخفض معنويّاً النشاط الحركي داخل الميدان المفتوح. وكان أوضح تثبيط حركي في اليومين الأول والثاني من حقن الكادميوم. ورافق ذلك إطالة معنوية في زمن إنهاء اختبار الانتحاء الأرضي السالب، مع انخفاض عدد مرات إدخال الرأس في الثقوب وفي الوقت المستغرق للحفاظ على التوازن. ولم يؤثر الكادميوم معنويّاً في نشاطات إنزيمات الكولين إستيريز، والألانين أمينوترانسفيريز، والكرياتين فوسفوكاينيز في الدم مقارنة بمجموعة السيطرة، في حين انخفض معنويّاً تركيز سكر الدم وارتفع تركيز الكلوتاثيون في الدماغ. في اختبار التحدي الدوائي، أدى الكادميوم (2 ملجم/كجم) لمرة واحدة إلى إطالة زمن التخدير بالزايلازين والكتامين (4.43 ± 3.8 دقيقة) بشكل معنوي مقارنة بمجموعة السيطرة (31 ± 1.5 دقيقة). وتشير النتائج بأن للكادميوم تأثيرات سلوكية عصبية حادة على مستويات النشاط الحركي والاستكشافي والتوازن في الفئران، والتي تُعد سمية عصبية حادة قد تكون نابعة من تثبيط عام مركزي لوظيفة الدماغ، مع احتمال حصول تداخلات دوائية أو سمية التي يكون الدماغ متورطاً فيها.

As cadmium is a neurotoxic metal, the aim of this study was to demonstrate the acute neurobehavioral effects of cadmium in mice. Mice were treated with cadmium at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally, given once, or repeatedly, for three days. Following treatment, changes in behavioral tests compared to the control group (normal saline) were monitored. These tests included open-field activity, negative geotaxis, head pocking, rotarod, biochemical tests, and a pharmacological challenge to demonstrate anesthesia with a xylazine-ketamine mixture. Cadmium at a dose of 1 mg/kg induced neurobehavioral changes at 0.5, 1, 2, and 24 hours post-injection, manifested by a significant decrease in locomotor activity in the open-field and a significant increase in negative geotaxis, with a significant decrease in the number of head pocking and the time spent on the rotarod compared to the control group. Cadmium injection daily for three consecutive days significantly decreased locomotor activity in the open-field. The most pronounced locomotor inhibition was observed on the first and second days after cadmium injection. This was accompanied by a significant increase in negative geotaxis, along with a decrease in the number of head pocking and the time required maintaining rotarod balance. Cadmium did not significantly affect the activities of cholinesterase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatine phosphokinase in the blood compared to the control group, while blood glucose concentration was significantly decreased and brain glutathione concentration was significantly increased. In a pharmacological challenge, a single dose of cadmium (2 mg/kg) significantly prolonged the duration of anesthesia with xylazine and ketamine (43.4 ± 3.8 min) compared to the control group (31 ± 1.5 min). These results indicate that cadmium has acute neurobehavioral effects on locomotor activity, exploration, and balance in mice, which are considered acute neurotoxic effects as a generalized central inhibition of brain function, with the potential for drug and toxic interactions involving the brain.

© 2026 The Author(s), licensee HBKU Press.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.5339/ajsr.2026.2
2026-02-04
2026-03-14

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/ajsr/7/1/AJSR.2026.issue1.2.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.5339/ajsr.2026.2&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Jomova K, Alomar SY, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Valko M. Heavy metals: toxicity and human health effects. Archives of Toxicology. 2025;99:(1):153–209. doi: 10.1007/s00204-024-03903-2
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Balali-Mood M, Eizadi-Mood N, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Etemad L, Moshiri M, Vahabzadeh M, et al.. Recent advances in the clinical management of intoxication by five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium and arsenic. Heliyon. 2025;11:(4):e42696. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42696
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Davidova S, Milushev V, Satchanska G. The mechanisms of cadmium toxicity in living organisms. Toxics. 2024;12:(12):875. doi:10.3390/toxics12120875
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Peana M, Pelucelli A, Chasapis CT, Perlepes SP, Bekiari V, Medici S, et al.. Biological effects of human exposure to environmental cadmium. Biomolecules. 2023;13:(1):36. doi:10.3390/biom13010036
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Genchi G, Sinicropi MS, Lauria G, Carocci A, Catalano A. The effects of cadmium toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17:(11):3782. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113782
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Al-Baggou BK, Mohammad FK. Effects of cadmium on the acute toxicity of cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides in mice. Arabian Journal of Scientific Research. 2022;3:(2):9. doi:10.5339/ajsr.2022.9. [in Arabic]. البكوع، بنان خالد، محمد، فؤاد قاسم. تأثيرات الكادميوم في السمّية الحادة لمبيدات حشرية مثبطة لنشاط إنزيم الكولين إستيريز في الفئران. المجلة العربية للبحث العلمي 3،2022 (2) أكتوبر.9
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Rezaei K, Mastali G, Abbasgholinejad E, Bafrani MA, Shahmohammadi A, Sadri Z, et al.. Cadmium neurotoxicity: insights into behavioral effect and neurodegenerative diseases. Chemosphere. 2024;364:143180. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143180
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Arruebarrena MA, Hawe CT, Lee YM, Branco RC. Mechanisms of cadmium neurotoxicity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24:(23):16558. doi:10.3390/ijms242316558
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Batool Z, Agha F, Tabassum S, Batoolx TS, Siddiqui RA, Haider S. Prevention of cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in rats by essential nutrients present in nuts. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis (Wars). 2019;79:(2):169–183.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Kısadere İ, Karaman M, Aydın MF, Donmez N, Usta M. The protective effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health. 2022;77:(9):755–763. doi:10.1080/19338244.2021.2008852
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Wen S, Zhao Y, Wang L, Yuan Y. Daidzein attenuates cadmium-induced neurotoxicity via inhibiting apoptosis and mitophagy in the cerebral cortex of Sprague-Dawley rats. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2025;39:(5):e70299. doi:10.1002/jbt.70299
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Al-Baggou BK, Mohammad FK. Determination of glutathione levels and turnover rates in the brain and liver of mice treated with cadmium. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology. 2023;12:(3):103–106. doi:10.22038/apjmt.2024.74731.1433
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Manna S, Firdous SM. Unravelling the developmental toxicity of heavy metals using zebrafish as a model: a narrative review. Biometals. 2025;38:(2):419–463. doi:10.1007/s10534-025-00671-z
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Wellings JJ, Thorpe JM, Yendole K, Matsubayashi Y, Hartley PS. Effect of short and long-term cadmium exposure on behaviour and cardiac function in Drosophila. Environmental Pollution. 2025;366:2025. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125481
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Živančević K, Baralić K, Vukelić D, Marić Đ, Kotur-Stevuljević J, Ivanišević J, et al.. Neurotoxic effects of low dose ranges of environmental metal mixture in a rat model: the benchmark approach. Environmental Research. 2024;252:(Pt 1):118680. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.118680
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Lamtai M, Benmhammed H, Azirar S, Rezqaoui A, Zghari O, El Hamzaoui A, et al.. Subchronic exposure to mixture of cadmium, copper, and nickel induces neurobehavioral deficits and hippocampal oxidative stress of wistar rats. Biological Trace Element Research. 2025;203:(1):280–290. doi:10.1007/s12011-024-04166-9
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Deabes DAH, El-Abd EAW, Baraka SM, El-Gendy ZA, Korany RMS, Elbatanony MM. Metabolomics analyses and comparative insight to neuroprotective potential of unripe fruits and leaves of Citrus aurantium ethanolic extracts against cadmium-induced rat brain dysfunction: involvement of oxidative stress and akt-mediated CREB/BDNF and GSK3β/NF-κB signaling pathways. Metabolic Brain Disease. 2025;40:(1):89. doi:10.1007/s11011-024-01513-6
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Osman IM, Mohammad FK. Pharmacological and toxicological challenges reveal the depressant action of cadmium in rats. Iraqi Journal of Pharmacy. 2001;1:2001–88.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Osman IM, Mohammad FK. Neurobehavioral effects of intraperitoneal cadmium administration in rats. VIII International Symposium on Ecology and Environmental Problems, 4–7 October 2017, Canakkale, Turkey. Canakkale, Turkey: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University (abstract book: 250).
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Alanazi MM, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Al-Mazroua HA, et al.. Cadmium exposure is associated with behavioral deficits and neuroimmune dysfunction in BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24:(7):6575. doi:10.3390/ijms24076575
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Zhang Z, Li Y, Feng H, Li S, Qin Z, Li J, et al.. Effects of postweaning cadmium exposure on socioemotional behaviors in adolescent male mice. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2024;272:2024. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116089
     [Google Scholar]
  22. National Research Council. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. 8th ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011.
  23. Mohammad FK. Effect of cadmium on detomidine-ketamine anesthesia in mice. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 1994;7:137–141.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Mohammad FK, Faris GA, Rhayma MS, Ahmed K. Neurobehavioral effects of tetramisole in mice. Neurotoxicology. 2006;27:(2):153–157. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2005.08.003
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Al-Shalchi RF, Mohammad FK. Alterations of neurobehavioral performance, blood and brain cholinesterase activities and cholesterol levels by repeated statin treatments in mice. Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences Assiut University. 2024;47:(1):415–425. doi:10.21608/BFSA.2024.270145.2033
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Mohammad FK, St Omer VE. Behavioral and developmental effects in rats following in utero exposure to 2,4-D/2,4,5-t mixture. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology. 1986;8:(5):551–560.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Deacon RM. Measuring motor coordination in mice. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2013;(75):e2609. doi:10.3791/2609
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Mohammad FK, Al-Baggou BK, Naser AS, Fadel MA. In vitro inhibition of plasma and brain cholinesterases of growing chicks by chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2014;42:2014–428. doi:10.1080/09712119.2013.875912
     [Google Scholar]
  29. James RC, Goodman DR, Harbison RD. Hepatic glutathione and hepatotoxicity: changes induced by selected narcotics. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1982;221:(3):708–714.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Levin-Arama M, Abraham L, Waner T, Harmelin A, Steinberg DM, Lahav T, et al.. Subcutaneous compared with intraperitoneal ketamine-xylazine for anesthesia of mice. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 2016;55:(6):794–800.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Constantinescu AM, Karzi VE, Docea AO, Tsitsimpikou C, Nosyrev AE, Tsatsakis A, et al.. Neurobehavioral effects of low dose exposure to chemical mixtures: a review. Archives of Toxicology. 2025;99:(4):1315–1331. doi:10.1007/s00204-025-04009-z
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Wang B, Du Y. Cadmium and its neurotoxic effects. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2013;2013:2013. doi:10.1155/2013/898034
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Lafuente A, González-Carracedo A, Romero A, Cano P, Esquifino AI. Cadmium exposure differentially modifies the circadian patterns of norepinephrine at the median eminence and plasma LH, FSH and testosterone levels. Toxicology Letters. 2004;146:(2):175–182. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.10.004
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Cassera E, Ferrari E, Vignati DAL, Capucciati A. The interaction between metals and catecholamines: oxidative stress, DNA damage, and implications for human health. Brain Research Bulletin. 2025;226:2025. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111366
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Mohammad FK, Al-Baggou BKh, Tawfeek FKh. Interaction of cadmium with xylazine in mice: locomotor activity and plasma glucose concentration. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2000;13:2000–33.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Paddleford RR, Harvey RC. Alpha2 agonists and antagonists. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 1999;29:(3):737–745. doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50058-2
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Greene SA, Thurmon JC. Xylazine--a review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1988;11:(4):295–313. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00189.x
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Wohaieb SA, Mohammad FK, Nadir HH. Effects of hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress on detomidine-ketamine anesthesia in male rabbits. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 1994;7:1994–23.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Mousa YJ, Mohammad FK. Effects of hydrogen peroxide on diazepam and xylazine sedation in chicks. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2012;5:(4):179–183. doi:10.2478/v10102-012-0030-5
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Al-Shalchi RF, Mohammad FK. Changes in propofol anaesthesia and dichlorvos toxicity in mice following repeated dosing with three hypolipidemic statins. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2025;28:(2):267–277. doi:10.15547/bjvm.2024-0002
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Shaikh ZA, Jordan SA, Tewari PC. Cadmium disposition and metallothionein induction in mice: strain-, sex-, age-, and dose-dependent differences. Toxicology. 1993;80:(1):51–70. doi:10.1016/0300-483x(93)90076-5
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Guo M, Xu X, Yan X, Wang S, Gao S, Zhu S. In vivo biodistribution and synergistic toxicity of silica nanoparticles and cadmium chloride in mice. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2013;260:2013–788. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.040
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Ahsan H. Clinical chemistry and biochemistry: the role of biomarkers and biomolecules. Asian Journal of Science Education. 2022;4:(1):17–24. https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/AJSE/article/view/24431
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Wilson BW. Cholinesterase inhibition. In: Wexler P. (ed.) Encyclopedia of toxicology. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2014:pp. 942–951. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00116-0
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Cory-Slechta DA. Behavioral toxicology. In: Wexler P. (ed.) Encyclopedia of toxicology. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2014: pp. 377–398. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00116-0
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Park MJ, Yoo SW, Choe BS, Dantzer R, Freund GG. Acute hypoglycemia causes depressive-like behaviors in mice. Metabolism. 2012;61:(2):229–236. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.06.013
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.5339/ajsr.2026.2
Loading
التغييرات السلوكية العصبية الحادة للكادميوم في الفئران
​​​​Arabian Journal of Scientific Research-المجلة العربية للبحث العلمي 7, 2 (2026); https://doi.org/10.5339/ajsr.2026.2
/content/journals/10.5339/ajsr.2026.2
/content/journals/10.5339/ajsr.2026.2
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Behavioral toxicology, Cadmium toxicity, Exploratory behavior, Locomotor activity, locomotor balance and سمية الكادميوم، علم السموم السلوكي، النشاط الحركي، سلوك الاستكشاف، التوازن الحركي.

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error